Anthocyanins

Question: What food products might you use anthocyanins, betalains, carotenoids in as a food additive? Individually, not as a group. I would appreciate specific examples for each.

Answer: Anthocyanins (E 163) are found in cordials like Cottee's Apple Blackcurrant Crush and snack bars like Kellogg's K-time Muffin Bars® Blueberry Flavor as well as icing decorations and snack bars. Betalains (E 162) are found mainly in icing decorations. Carotenoids (the E 161 group) are found in mayonaises and cookies.

Question: how do different pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, anthocyanins) help plants?

Answer: They absorb different wavelengths of light -> look up on google/ wikipedia lazyass

Question: Briefly describe the colur the chemical nature and the biological role of anthocyanins?

Answer: Color: red, blue, purple, magenta http://chemistry.about.com/library/weekly/aa082602a.htm Chemical nature:Anthocyanins are water-soluble glycosides of polyhydroxyl and polymethoxyl derivatives of 2-phenylbenzopyrylium or flavylium salts. Individual anthocyanins differ in the number of hydroxyl groups. In cause of an electron deficiency, they are very reactive toward reactive oxygen species (ROS), also known as free radicals; they are powerful natural antioxidants. Biological role: Colors of flowers and variegated leaves Active in plant defense ( protection against insects and fungi ) In Fabiaceae: attraction of nitrogen-fixing bacteria http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3408000024.html

Question: Hey can you help me! What really contribute to the red color of chili -Anthocyanins or Carotinoids Capsorubin?

Answer: carotinoids(ie carotein in beta-carotein, makes oranges orange)

Question: what does carotenoids,anthocyanins and chlorophyll have in common?

Answer: Yes, here is your answer: PLANT PIGMENTS Carotenoids, anthocyanins and chlorophyll are all plant pigments that absorb light. Light can be observed in a rainbow when light is refracted and all the colors can be seen. Plant pigments absorb some colors of light and reflect those colors that are not absorbed. THE COLORS Carotenoids in general absorb blue light and reflect orange light. Anthocyanins are water-soluble vacuolar pigments that may appear red, purple, or blue according to pH. Chlorophylls absorb light most strongly in the blue and red but poorly in the green portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, hence the green colour of chlorophyll-containing tissues such as plant leaves PHOTOSYNTHESIS Chlorophyll is vital for photosynthesis, which allows plants to obtain energy from light.

Question: Anthocyanins in red lettuce? Which layer in red lettuce cell is anthocyanins located?

Answer: As anthocyanins are involved in photosynthesis, I would expect the highest concentration to be found in the palisade layer - the layer where most photosynthesis takes place. John H

Question: why do anthocyanins not appear on chromatogram paper?

Answer: What did you use as a solvent? Anthocyanins are water soluable.

Question: What are the best vegetables to eat to prevent skin cancer? I have read that red cabbage contains chemicals (anthocyanins), that cause a person's cells to create an enzyme that repairs DNA damage. I also read that strawberries contain a type of acid, along with polyphenols, that supposedly prevent skin cancer. Can anyone verify this? Any idea to the mechanism of the protective actions?

Answer: http://abcnews.go.com/Health/CancerPreventionAndTreatment/story?id=3761503&page=1 "According to recent statistics the rising incidence of skin cancer is one of the main problems in United States. Considering that this condition appears to be becoming an epidemic, very critical is to develop new approaches to primary and secondary prevention. As consequences we can see many studies exploring the therapeutic value of natural ingredients and researches suggest that common fruit and vegetables extracts may have an important clinical benefits in lowering risk for skin cancer. It is well-known that fruits and vegetables contain a variety of minerals and vitamins and other bioactive substances that include lutein, flavonoids, folic acid, vitamins C and E, and fiber. The folic acid has a key role in repair and synthesis of DNA, and all dark green leafy vegetables are very rich in it. So, new findings show with no doubt that higher intakes of green leafy vegetables may help prevent Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) tumors among patients who have prior skin cancers. Another new finding is that pigment that gives certain fruits their dark red colors has an antioxidant activity higher than that of green tea and red wine. Researchers evaluated that pomegranate fruit extract (PFE) is capable of inhibiting conventional as well as new biomarkers of TPA-induced tumors and they may have chemopreventive action in a wide category of tumor models"

Question: Do anthocyanins travel? Would you expect water soluble pigments, like anthocyanins, to travel? why? (I think that it would not but cannot come up with a good reason..I might be wrong..hehe) So, please help me, thank you

Answer: The molecules are too large to diffuse through the membrane. Pieces of beet root rinsed and placed in fresh water do not lose the anthocyanin from the intact cells. Here's a link showing the chemical structure of the molecule: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthocyanin

Question: who decides what (a drink for example) is classified as a dietary supplement - FDA or the manufacturer? Thinking of developing a healthy beverage with lots and lots of good stuff - vitamins, minerals, anti-oxidants, anthocyanins, amino acids, etc. Want to know how the FDA - if at all - decides which drink is a 'Supplement' under DSHEA and which is a food.

Answer: FDA

Question: Which are the main accesory pigments in a plant leaf? I understand most will say carotenoids,anthocyanins and phycobilins. But I need the pigments that are found in basically every plant leaf (aside from chlorophylls a&b). and if there is a site that you could site that would be great. it's for my hypothesis in the chromatography lab report.

Answer: chlorophyll - green pigment

Question: Why do japanese maple leaves turn from green to red? Do they need more anthocyanins than other leaves or what? After all, they still need chlorophyll right? Because they start green in the early spring, but then turn to their normal red color in a few weeks. Just curious.

Answer: Most plants have accessory pigments (of other colors) in addition to chlorophyll. This enables them to utilize more wavelengths of light. Some plants have more of the other pigments than of the chlorophyll, so they appear different colors. You can see the other colors in the rest of the trees in the fall, because the chlorophyll dies first, and the other pigments are exposed.

Question: Which of the following pigments is water soluble? Which of the following pigments is water soluble? (1) carotenoids (2) carotenes (3) xanthophylls (4) chlorophyll (5) anthocyanins The ultimate electron acceptor in the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis is: (1) flavoprotein. (2) ATP. (3) photosystem I. (4) water. (5) NADP.

Answer: 1) xanthophylls --> it is the only compound with hydrogen bonding , the structure contains a hydroxyl (OH) group. 2) NADP

Question: What are some possible sources of error when doing a CHROMATOGRAPHY lab? what are some possible sources of error when doing a CHROMATOGRAPHY lab on SPINACH & RED CABBAGE pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, anthocyanins...) highschool lab

Answer: It`s a pitty, that you don`t say what sort of chromatography you are going to use, therefore here a site explaining them all: http://www.itsjustabox.com/Sciencefair.htm If you work precisely, take care that the spot is as small as possible, all spots have very similar concentration ( 5 drops each f.e. ), the level of solvent is not higher than the nethermost border of spots but not lower too, if you don`t move the chamber in the time of analysis no error should happen. You will get precisely isolated pigments. Here you find an example thin layer chromatography ( teacher note at the end: http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:L-DPHhUJcXIJ:services.juniata.edu/ScienceInMotion/chem/standardslabs/20%2520-%2520TLC%2520of%2520Veggies.doc+thinlayer+chromatography+of+vegetables&hl=de&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=de) and here paper chromatography: http://media.nasaexplores.com/lessons/01-037/9-12_2.pdf

Question: In fall,why does not ash turn red? Why birch turns yellow not orange-red ? I know how leaves change to different colors. All web site I checked mention chlorophlls, carotenoids, anthocyanins, etc. BUT, what decides this kind of tree change to red, the other turn yellow and orange but not red? Is it because genetically inherited???????? Thank you rendall g. But, your answer is about " how/ why leaves change color". okay, maybe this is not a good example, but I hope that helps people understand my questiom: Andy had green hair, but his hair color changes to red when he is 18 years old. His friend Bob who is also 18, changes to yellow. Why Andy's hair change to red, not yellow? Is it because genetically inherited?

Answer: the leaves contain pigment that are not normally seen when chlorophyll is present when the leaves lose it you see the pigment that was hidden

Question: where can I make contact with wine&spirits importers? We look for importers/distributors of our product. Casa Destiladora S.A de C.V. is a company established in San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato, México. Actually producing XAICA Liqueur (hibiscus sabdariffa flower). At the moment with a 10,000 cases per year production capacity which can be expanded upon sales contract basis. Xaica is a premium quality tasteful liqueur due to the distillation process. This is a product directly extracted from the flower, not a flavored alcoholic beverage. Hibiscus is used to prepare a refreshing tea. The tea owes its characteristic fruity flavor to a range of plant acids. Stems and leaves closely resemble the cranberry in flavor. The wine-red color is due to anthocyanins. It is very high in vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Every 100 gm of fresh calyx will contains 2.85 ug vitamin D, 0.04 mg vitamin B1, 0.06 mg vitamin B2, and 0.05 mg vitamin B2 Complex.

Answer: You may want to try looking under imports in the Thosmas Register. This tool is available online at www.thomasregister.com