Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

Question: Compare the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide with its reduced form? plz and thank you!!!

Answer: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (or NAD+) is a coenzyme capable of accepting hydrogen ions and electrons, particularly from energy-rich organic nutrient molecules such as glucose and fats. When it is reduced, it acquires an extra hydrogen ion and two electrons, becoming NADH. This reduced form carries more energy than the oxidized form. In eukaryotes, the reduced form (NADH) deposits its extra electrons and hydrogen ion into the electron transport chain embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane. The energy stored in NADH (and other reduced coenzymes like FADH2) drives chemiosmosis and ATP production. You can see diagrams of NAD+ and NADH at the following link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAD%2B I hope that helps. Good luck!

Question: Where can I buy NADPH a.k.a Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate? That's for an experiment in biology

Answer: Look online or try one of those big science catalouges like the science teachers have.

Question: Given the following standard potentials for the reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD^+).......? and oxaloacetate (an intermediate in the Krebs cycle). NAD^+ + 2H^+ + 2e^- = NADH + H^+ E = -0.320 V oxaloacetate + 2H^+ + 2e^- = malate E = -0.166 V A)calculate the standard cell potential for the following reaction: oxaloacetate + NADH + H^+ = malate + NAD B)calculate the equilibrium constant for the cell reaction at 298 K.

Answer: See http://members.aol.com/logan20/elecspon.html for the equation to use.

Question: Could someone explain the physiological effects of niacin to me? I am doing an essay on niacin (B3) and could only come up with this paragraph: Niacin is an essential vitamin that supports energy metabolism and reactions involving biosynthesis and degradation as part of the pyridine nucleotide coenzymes, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). The levels of oxidized and reduced forms of these coenzymes establish the redox potential in cells that regulates metabolic activities involving mitochondrial electron transport and numerous enzyme reactions. from http://www.feinberg.northwestern.edu/nutrition/factsheets/vitamin-b3.html Could someone explain it to me, to avoid any possible plagerism? I made a wording mistake in the question: I found the paragraph, not come up with it. I wouldn't be asking if I came up with that... Thanks, but I am focusing on niacin as a dietary supplement..

Answer: Common Side Effects Associated With Niacin courtesy of About.com There are many side effects associated with niacin that vary in degree from each individual. These side effects seem to correlate with dosage strength and may be reduced if you are taking a time-released form of niacin. Symptoms typically disappear over a week or so, as your body is adjusting to the medication. They include, but are not limited to: •flushing (redness, itching, warmth, redness) •night sweats •palpitations, cardiac fibrillations, or other arrhythmias •decreased glucose tolerance •migraines •skin hyperpigmentation

Question: Will this combo work for depression/anxiety? Has anyone every taken 5HTP and NADH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) together? I am looking to raise my serotonin and dopamine levels with this mix? Any thoughts of dosage amounts daily?

Answer: No. I have never heard of NADH but will research it for myself now you've mentioned it :) I have panic disorder and depression. I have started taking 200mg daily 5HTP and 1 kira sjw a day. It made me spaced out at first but after a couple of weeks I am starting to feel a bit better. I don;t know the chemicals involved in what I'm taking but it is a safe mix. Apparently it is safe to take up to 300mg 5htp a day, or even higher, alongside sjw. You could try it with the NADH. That didn;t really answer your question but I hope that helps.

Question: Question about NADP and NADPH? I know that NADP is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, but what is the name for NADPH? I know that is exactly the same aside from the extra hydrogen atom, but does it have a specific name? Also, how do you pronounce the "nicotinamide" part of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate? Thanks so much! I'll pick a best answer TODAY!

Answer: Nope, you answered your own question! It doesn't have a different, "worded" name compared to Nicotinamide Adenosine Dinucleotide Phosphate of NADP. Like you said, the only difference is that H+ atom, which is why it has that H stuck on the end of it. It's pronouced nik-uh-tin-uh-mahyd, Hope that helps!

Question: Please help. Biology question? Important! NAD+? Ok I need to know the relationship between NAD+ (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and Nicotine. Its an extra credit assignment or my school and I desperately need these points!! Why are the names similar? I cant find anything on it! Omg you are a life saver amit. 10 pts. Thankyouu

Answer: This might help you out a lot: http://isaac.idkcomp.com/EDTORIAL/NICOTINE.HTM

Question: AS many as you can? ? CAn you please answer as many as you can. When bread is baked, these cells produce ethanol and carbon dioxide. The ... acid cycle begins and ends with the same compound. This is formed when nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide picks up two electrons and hydrogen Chlorophyll is the major photosynthetic ... The net number of ATP molecules produced from fermentation This color contains the most energy of the visible spectrum Phosphogleceric acid. The total aerobic breakdown of glucose The end result of the electron transport chain is the production of .... and ATP

Answer: yeast idk idk Chloroplasts idk idk idk idk idk

Question: please help with my mechanism question? Here is an example of a reaction we cover in Organic chemistry showing up in biochemistry. Ethanol (found in alcoholic beverages) is metabolized in the liver to ethanal by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase. Since the alcohol is oxidized, something has to be reduced. The substance that gets reduced is the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (abbreviated NAD+). The proposed mechanism for this redox reaction is given below. http://www.webassign.net/userimages/kasandbe@ncsu/CH223_fall_02/223fall02_HW12aa.gif For the reduction half reaction NAD+ NADH. Based on the mechanism given above, indicate whether or not the given deuterated alcohol will produce NADD upon oxidation (NADD is the deuterated analog of NADH). (a) CH3CH2OD (b) CD3CH2OH (c) CH3CD2OH

Answer: (a) CH3CH2OD - No, the deuterium will end up on the base. The products will be NADH and CH3CHO (and D-Base+). (b) CD3CH2OH - No, the deuterium atoms will stay on the ethanol methyl group to give the products NADH and CD3CHO (and H-Base+). (c) CH3CD2OH - Yes, the products will be NADD and CH3CDO (and H-Base+).

Question: ap bio crossword puzzle on cellular respiration and photosynthesis? 1. it is composed of adenine, ribose, and 2 phosphate groups. (3 letters) 2. the aerobic phase of cellular respiration occurs in these organelles (12 letters) 3. when bread is baked these cells produce ethanol and carbon dioxide (5 letters) 4. this is formed when nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide picks up 2 electrons and hydrogen (4letters) 5. the acid that produced as an end product of glycolysis (7 letters) 6. during the ______ reactions energy from the sun is trapped and channeled into forming ATP (5) 7. energy rich _____ provide the energy needed for respiration and for photosynthesis (9) 8. this sugar is found in ATP and ADP (6) 9. chlorophyll is the major photosynthetic _______ (7) 7 the second letter is L the fifth letter is T the seventh letter is O the ninth letter is S

Answer: 1. RNA 2. glycol's 3. yeast 4. nadh 5.citrase 6. ...idk 7. sunlight 8. ribose 9. pathway

Question: NEED HELP WITH BIOLOGY HOMEWORK! SOMEONE PLEASE HELP!? These are match the question with answers 1.The energy released by a process or chemical reaction that is available to perform work. 2. Energy is neither created nor destroyed during a process or chemical reaction. 3. The total energy content of an object. 4. A process that results in a net release of energy. 5. A barrier to the initiation of a reaction. A. enthalpy. B. entropy. C. first law of thermodynamics. D. exergonic. E. endergonic. F. activation energy. G. Gibb's free energy. 1. The location on an enzyme where the substrate becomes bound. 2. Something that increases the rate of a chemical reaction. 3. An inorganic ion that is required for a specific enzyme to be functional. 4. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. 5. The addition of H atoms and/or electrons to a molecule in a chemical reaction. A. oxidation. B. reduction. C. catalyst. D. cofactor. E. coenzyme F. active site. G. allosteric site Thanks to the first person who answered them! You are a life saver

Answer: 1)G 2)C 3)A 4)D 5)F 1)F 2)C 3)D 4)E 5)B

Question: Pls help!.. FIll in the blank? All cells use (ADP / AMP / ATP) as a source of energy to fuel In aerobic respiration (glucose / lipid / protein) is broken down into carbon dioxide (CO2) and the electrons are used to generate ATP (the details will follow). The formula for aerobic respiration is as follows: C6H12O6 + O2 à CO2 + H20 + energy (chemical energy in ATP bonds) This process is achieved in 4 main steps, they are (glycolysis / fermentation / anaerobic respiration), pyruvate oxidation, (Krebs / energy / Calvin) cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm and does not require the presence of free oxygen (O2). The remaining three steps all take place in the (cytoplasm / mitochondria / golgi apparatus) and only occur in the presence of free oxygen. Glycolysis is a 10-step process that begins with 1 molecules of glucose (6 carbons) and ends with 2 molecules of pyruvate (each has pyruvate has 3 carbons). This process costs 2 ATP molecules but makes 4 ATP molecules thus having a net gain of 2 ATP molecules per molecules of glucose. During glycolysis 2 molecules of NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) are reduced to form 2 molecules of (FADH2 / NADH / NADH2)`s2z. The NADH serves to transport hydrogen ions and electron and will be used during the electron transport chain. Once glycolysis is complete (assuming O2) is present the pyruvate and the NADH molecules are transported into the mitochondria. Pyruvate oxidation takes places in the mitochondria. Each molecule of (glucose / pyruvate / acetyl) (3 carbons) is converted into a molecule of acetyl-CoA (2 carbons). The carbon molecules that is lost during the process is released as a carbon dioxide (CO2) molecule. During this step a NAD+ is reduced into NADH for each pyruvate but no additional ATP is made. The Krebs cycle (named in honor if it’s discoverer Hans Krebs) is the next step, it takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria. The cycle starts when a molecule of acetyl-CoA (2 carbons) binds to a molecule of (oxalocetate / ethyl alcohol / butane) (4 carbons) forming the 6 carbon molecule (glucose / citric acid / fructose). Citrate then goes through the remaining 8 steps of the cycle, during each reaction the molecule is changed ending with the final reaction that regenerates the oxaloacetate molecule. Each cycle produces 2 CO2 molecules, 1 ATP molecule, 3 (NAD+ / NADH / FADH2) molecules and 1 FADH2 molecule. It takes 2 cycles to completely convert all of the carbon found in (acetyl CoA / glucose / pyruvate) into carbon dioxide. Question 2 answers At this point in the process very little ATP has been synthesized, but lots of NADH and FADH2 has been made. The next step is the electron (sequence / system / transport) chain, This is where the electrons and (hydrogen / sodium / carbon) ions from the NADH and FADH2 will be used to make the bulk of the ATP generated. The electron transport chain takes place in 2 main parts. First the hydrogen ions are removed from the NADH (this converts NADH back into NAD+) and are pumped across the (outer membrane/ cristae / plasma membrane), which is the fold of the inner membrane of the mitochondria, into the intermembrane space. The electrons from the NADH are used to power the pumps. After the electrons leave the pump proteins they are transferred to oxygen molecules that will be used to form water molecules. This pumping action sets up a hydrogen ion gradient across the inner membrane. The concentration of H+ is high in the (matrix / intermembrane / cytoplasm) space and low in the (matrix / intermembrane / cytoplasm) . The next step is termed chemiosmosis; this involves the diffusion of H+ back into the matrix. The enzyme ATP synthase first allows the H+ to diffuse back into the matrix, then the enzyme uses the energy provides by the diffusing ions to combine an ADP plus a free phosphate group to form ATP molecules. Each NADH has enough energy to make 3 ATP molecules and each FADH2 has enough energy to make 2 ATP molecules. The total possible ATP yield per molecules of glucose is 36, although typically the actual yield is around 30-32 ATP molecules per glucose. Aerobic respiration requires (hydrogen / carbon / oxygen), but isn’t the only way to make ATP. If oxygen is not present some organisms have other pathways to generate ATP. Cells can use glycolysis to generate ATP (it has a net yield of 2 ATP molecules per glucose) which does not require oxygen but cells need to convert the NADH formed during glycolysis back into (FAD / NAD+ / FADH2). Normally during aerobic respiration the NADH formed is transported to the mitochondria and converted back into NAD+ during the electron transport chain. Without oxygen present the electron transport chain cannot be completed so cells need another pathway. (Fermentation / Aerobic respiration / anaerobic respiration) is the process where a

Answer: gf