food and nutrition


Toxins

Question: How do you test urine for toxins? I am a college student and I am doing a chemistry project. I want to try to see if toxins are released during a fast, and if they are what toxins. Does anyone know what in what form toxins would appear in the urine? What toxins specifically could I check for?

Answer: "Toxins" can be a broad term. Any substance in any certain measure can be toxic to anyone at any certain time. These are just some ideas for testing, assuming my info and logic are right.............. A urinalysis or complete metabolic panel can give some good info to work with. I don't think either measures "toxins", but they can measure urine pH, elevated or decreased levels of certain electrolytes, proteins. If the levels of these can cause effects in the body, it seems correct to call them toxins at that point. Comparing these figures to the norm could lead to test for other substances or lead to certain conclusions about the general effects of fasting on the body. KETONES Urinalysis can measure the presence of ketones in the sample. During the first 24 hours of a fast, he body looks for other ways to find energy and is able to use carbohydrates in the form of stored glycogen (glucose) from the liver to fuel essential body processes. When the glycogen reserves are depleted, fat and fatty acids from stored fat become the primary energy source. Body, brain and nerve tissue depend on glucose for metabolism. Even though the body adapts to use other forms of energy, some parts of the brain need glucose exclusively, and protein is still needed to produce it. Once the glucose and fat are gone, the body's metabolism changes and begins to produce ketone bodies (acetoactate, hydroxy-butyrate, and acetone) after about 48 hours of fasting. The brain burns ketones to more directly use the energy from the fat stores being depended upon, and to reserve the glucose only for absolute needs, thus slowing the depletion of the body's vital protein stores in muscles. The kidneys eliminate ketones. ELECTROLYTES Urinalysis can measure the levels high (or low) of certain substances that may cause damage to the body or organs in those levels. Fasting can also cause dehydration (extreme loss of water from the body tissues) which is often accompanied by loss and imbalance of sodium, potassium, chloride, and other electrolytes in the body. Fasting can cause dehydration severe enough to cause shock. In extreme cases, extended fasts can lead to disturbances of heart rhythm and death. Laboratory tests may indicate metabolic acidosis, normal or elevated potassium, and severe ketosis. Ketosis is a normal physiological process that metabolizes body fat in response to chronic starvation.


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