Enzymes

Question: enzymes???? if a substance speeds up the rate of a particular reaction, what kind of info would be needed to show that the substance is an enzyme? my idea is that it would seem pretty obvious, since thats what enzymes do.. and that to prove this, you can test pH, temperature, add more substrate, etc.. my teacher also said something about proving it was organic and proving it was a protein or something.. ideas? thanks

Answer: The Ae(activation energy) will be a lot less, you can prove this by measuring the amount of product, it should be higher because less energy is required for the reaction to occur.

Question: ENZYMES!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!? can some one please help me!! i need to know what the enzymes are that are in ARM AND HAMMER laundry detergent DISHWASHER DETERGENT and ALL 2X ULTRA LAUNDRY DETERGENT. i cant find it anywhere on google!! please help meee!!!

Answer: These are all proprietary enzymes developed by the detergent manufacturers or bought by them from biotechnology companies. In the bad old days of the 1970's or so, detergent companies freeze-dried bacteria, thinking that all the enzymes in the bacteria would be made available in the wash water. The trouble was that this released a lot of dry protein into the air, and some persons were allergic to it. So there was a backlash against enzymes for some years. TV commercials advertised that their products contained no enzymes. The enzymes of today are proteases, which dissolve bloodstains and other such; lipases, which dissolve greases, fats, and oils; and cellulases, which dissolve cotton and rayon fabrics. This last is important, because dissolving away a little bit of the cloth helps get rid of the dirt that is on it.

Question: What enzymes are involved in flagellar rotation in pathogenic bacteria? What enzymes are involved? I am looking for enzymes so I can look up drugs that may inhibit these. Alternatively, an enzyme involved in chemotaxis.

Answer: ATPase

Question: What major enzymes are there in the esophagus? What major enzymes are there in the esophagus? For example, in the mouth, there is amalyse, what would be a major enzyme of the esophagus, or any enzymes if avaliable.

Answer: There are no enzymes secreted in the esophagus

Question: What role do enzymes have in a biological system? What is the role of enzymes in biological systems? What is their importance? Give two or three examples of important enzymes and how they are used in the human body. I can't seem to find this anywhere, any help would be great.

Answer: Enzymes are biomolecules that catalyze (i.e., increase the rates of) chemical reactions. Almost all enzymes are proteins...Like all catalysts, enzymes work by lowering the activation energy (Ea or ΔG‡) for a reaction, thus dramatically increasing the rate of the reaction. Most enzyme reaction rates are millions of times faster than those of comparable un-catalyzed reactions.... examples are::They generate movement, with MYOSIN hydrolysing ATP to generate muscle contraction and also moving cargo around the cell as part of the cytoskeleton. Other ATPases in the cell membrane are ion pumps involved in active transport. Enzymes are also involved in more exotic functions, such as LUCIFERASE generating light in fireflies. Viruses can also contain enzymes for infecting cells, such as the HIV INTEGRASE and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE, or for viral release from cells, like the influenza virus NEURAMINIDASE. An important function of enzymes is in the digestive systems of animals. Enzymes such as amylases and proteases break down large molecules (starch or proteins, respectively) into smaller ones, so they can be absorbed by the intestines. Starch molecules, for example, are too large to be absorbed from the intestine, but enzymes hydrolyse the starch chains into smaller molecules such as maltose and eventually glucose, which can then be absorbed. Different enzymes digest different food substances. In ruminants which have a herbivorous diets, microorganisms in the gut produce another enzyme, cellulase to break down the cellulose cell walls of plant fiber

Question: What two enzymes does the pancreas produce to help with digestion? Pancreatic enzymes could count as one I guess, if it does actually help with digestion.

Answer: The two main ones are amylase and lipase, however some protease is also produced to help digest any proteins that weren't completely digested in the stomach.

Question: How do enzymes lower the activation energy? This is the question. Activation energy (the energy required to start a reaction) is the energy required to create enough collisions in the proper orientation to start the reaction going. How do enzymes lower the activation energy? Thank you!

Answer: Many aspects of the process have been covered already. Consider hammering a nail into 2 planks of wood, to join them. Hold them up high and strike. Not very effective. Support them on a surface, e.g. a table, or hold them in a vice and any hammer blows become much more effective. Similarly, an enzyme is a large molecule with plenty of inertia, and reactant molecules are often much smaller. Typically an enzyme molecule holds one of the reactants in an orientation appropriate for successful collision. The other reactant molecule approaches, and most collisions result in a reaction.

Question: How do enzymes affect the molar enthalpy of respiration of sucrose in the body? How do enzymes affect the molar enthalpy of respiration of sucrose in the body? Do they change, increase, decrease or stay the same?

Answer: The enthalpy is uneffected: It is important to distinguish between thermodynamics and kinetics in the study of reactions. Enthalpy is related to the study of thermodynamics, it is the sum of the internal energy in a substance. The study of thermodynamics deals with whether a reaction is spontaneous or not: it has NOTHING to do with the reaction rate. Enzymes deals with kinetics, the study of the rates of chemical reactions. They speed up reactions by lowering the energy of activation, in NO way do they effect the internal energy of the reactants or products.

Question: What purpose do restriction enzymes play in bacterial cells? a. restriction enzymes prevent the overproduction of mRNA in the bacterial cells. b. restriction enzymes attack bacteriophage DNA when it enters the cell. c. restriction enzymes promote bonding of th RNA polymerase to the promoter. d. restriction enzymes connect okazaki fragments.

Answer: b. restriction enzymes attack bacteriophage DNA when it enters the cell.

Question: What can be used to add enzymes to your diet? I've heard that enzymes can help bad breath, digestion, heartburn, and a number of other things. What is a good source of enzymes? I'm looking for a food that can be added into my diet, or a natural organic vitamin or supplement. And what are all the health benifits of drinking vinager daily? Our bodies produce enzymes naturally, but they aid in digestion and the other things that I posted in my question. Also drinking Vinager burns fat in the body. We get ulcers from other things we eat. I thought this was the Alternative Medicine Board!

Answer: The source of enzymes that you are looking for to aid digestion and hearburn is pineapple and papayas. You can buy papaya enzymes at Wal-mart. They are very inexpensive and taste delicous. I use them all the time for heartburn. If I'm out I eat pineapple or drink pineapple juice. You can also eat fresh papaya. Papaya contains the enzyme papain which is beneficial in many ways. If you want to research this further go to your search bar and type in "benefits of papaya" and "benefits of pineapple". Hope this explains it for you! Good Luck!

Question: What are restriction enzymes? How do they work and what are recognition sites? Also what is the source of restriction enzymes and what is their function in nature. PLease Help!

Answer: Restriction enzymes are DNA-cutting enzymes found in bacteria . A restriction enzyme recognizes and cuts DNA only at a particular sequence of nucleotides(recognition site). Restriction enzymes were discovered over 30 years ago during investigations into the phenomenon of host-specific restriction and modification of bacterial viruses. Bacteria initially resist infections by new viruses, and this "restriction" of viral growth stemmed from endonucleases within the cells that destroy foreign DNA molecules. Among the first of these "restriction enzymes" to be purified were EcoRI and EcoRII from Escherichia coli, and HindII and HindIII from Haemophilus influenzae. These enzymes were found to cleave DNA at specific sites, generating discrete, gene-size fragments that could be re-joined in the laboratory. Researchers were quick to recognize that restriction enzymes provided them with a remarkable new tool for investigating gene organization, function and expression.Restriction enzymes usually occur in combination with one or two modification enzymes (DNA-methyltrans-ferases) that protect the cell’s own DNA from cleavage by the restriction enzyme. Restriction enzymes protect bacteria from infections by viruses, and it is generally accepted that this is their role in nature. They function as microbial immune systems.

Question: Where do the pancreatic enzymes such as trypsin work? Where do the pancreatic enzymes such as trypsin work? Is it the stomach or small intestine or something else I haven't thought of?

Answer: These are secreted into the small intestine.

Question: What is the role of enzymes in the DNA replication process? A. Enzymes read the DNA code and build a new DNA molecule from scratch. B. Enzymes link together to form a template for a new DNA molecule to be built. C. Enzymes split the DNA molecule into two rails and then transport corresponding nitrogen bases to each rail. D. Enzymes link adjacent nucleosides together, becoming an integral part of the structure of the new strands of DNA.

Answer: C i think, I thought it could be A but the last words say from scratch but enzymes like dna polymerase require primers to start the base sequence so further bases can be read so it cant be A

Question: What are the major enzymes involved in converting glycogen to glucose? I'm assuming that this conversion is a synthesis reaction? What are the enzymes involved Also, what are the hormones that stimulate glycogen breakdown? Thanks! Please explain the processes in detail as well! :)

Answer: actually it is a depolymerization reaction ..glycogen is a polymer of glucose linked alpha 1, 6 and alpha 1,6... the appropritae hormones such as adrenaline and glucagon activate adenylyl cyclase which synthesizes cyclic AMP.The cyclic AMP interacts with the inactive form of cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase and activates it. At the same time this kinase activates ( by phosphorylation ) inhibitor I which inhibits protein phosphatase to keep the active pathway intermediates phosphorylated. Cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase.begins a cascade of phosphorylating enzymes ( kinases ) that ultimately result in active phosphorylase a which degrades glycogen to glucose 1-phosphate.The glucose 1-phosphate converts to glucose -6-phosphate ( this is a reversible reaction driven only , in this case by removal of the glucose 6-phosphate. The glucose 6-phosphate is converted to glucose in the liver by glucose 6-phosphatase. Adrenaline is chiefly responsible for initiating glycogen breakdown in white muscle..whereas the liver is very sensitive to the hormone glucagon ( this hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas.

Question: What would happen quite quickly if your enzymes shut down? Also, what controls the production of specific enzymes? Why might you need over 2,000 enzymes operating in one cell at the same time?

Answer: You would die probably within minutes. We need enzymes to make ATP to give us the energy to do anything e.g breath, keep the heart going etc. Enzymes are coded for by DNA. Their production can be controlled by regulatory elements at the gene level. There are thousands of enzymes because there are thousands of reactions and enzymes are normally specific to one or a few reactions. This allows fine tuning of the bodies activities. The body controls which enzymes are produced when and how much.

Question: What function do enzymes have in the process of yeast fermentation? So I had to do a bread lab where I make sourdough bread. I however cannot figure out what enzymes had to do with any of this. I put yeast in a bag with potato flakes, sugar and something else. Then I let it sit for like ever. Then I made the bread. But what did enzymes have to do with this? I know it is an anaerobic process but what with is with enzymes??????

Answer: Well, it went through glycolysis, in cellular respiration. The end product is pyruvate. The fate of pyruvate depends on the presence or absence of oxygen. If there is no oxygen, you get ethanol via fermentation. Yeasts stop after glycolysis, they do not need to have pyruvate completely oxidized. So the enzymes involved are what turned glucose into pyruvate. hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, all the enzymes involved in glycolysis. Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up a chemical reaction. These things will happen naturally, but the enzymes help it happen faster.