Protein Hormone

Question: What is the difference between a protein and a hormone? I'm studying protein synthesis- sometimes my textbook says hormones are being created, other times it says protein. In this case are they the same?

Answer: hormones are an example of a protein.

Question: Does growth hormone use the G protein linked mechanism to affect cells or does it use direct gene activation? It's a cholesterol steroid hormone, right? So it uses direct gene activation? Or does it use G protein linked mechanism?

Answer: The answer is neither. Growth hormone receptor is a cell surface receptor (like GPCRs), but it is not a 7 TM receptor and does not signal through G proteins. Instead, it activates a JAK-STAT kinase cascade that then translocates to the nucleus and activates gene expression. So, while you are right that steroid hormone receptors often directly activate transcription, GH is a peptide, and goes through a kinase pathway.

Question: How does a cell make a protein and a steroid hormone? The question is: describe what kinds of molecules serve as hormones. I know that they are proteins, steriods, or fatty acids. But the next part of the question is: how would each of these hormones be made by a cell and what organelles are involved in production and secretion? I am stuck....biology wizards pleeeease help! Thank you. Ok, I know what organelles are involved and I am guessing that protein hormones are made by transcription and translation but how does a cell make a steroid hormone?

Answer: Steroids are lipids. Proteins are made of amino acids. The ribosomes in the rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins that will be inserted into the plasma membrane, secreted to the cell exterior or shipped to an organelle called the lysosome. The smooth ER contains enzymes that catalyze reactions involving lipids. Depending on the type of cell, these enzymes may be involved in synthesizing lipids needed by the organism.

Question: Trace the path of information from a gene to a target cell for a protein hormone?

Answer: First the information is being stored as a sequence of neucleotides inside the DNA molecule forming a Gene. The gene is transcribed into a mRNA molecule by RNA-Polymerase, the mRNA molecule is processed and sliced to produce the mature mRNA, the process until now happens inside the nucleus of the cell. The mRNA molecule leaves the nucleus and settles on the RER with the help of Ribosomes. The Ribosomes attach to the mRNA forming a structure called Polysome. The Ribosomes begin Translating the mRNA sequence 3 letters at a time into a sequence of amino acids with the help of tRNA molecules which deliver the A.A to the Ribosome. The Amino-Acid sequence is called a peptide or poly-peptide which actually form the Protein. The mature protein is passed to the inside of the RER from there it will pass to the Golgi and from there it will be carried via Vesicles to the outside of the cell into the blood stream and act as a hormone.

Question: difference between a protein and peptide hormone? i thought all proteins were made of peptide chains so why is insulin an example of peptide hormone and TSH an eg. of protein? whats the differenvce?

Answer: First you need to understand that you are not drawing a direct comparison here. Your question is analogous to asking what is the difference between a nucleotide and DNA. A protein is certainly comprised of peptide chains. This is called the secondary structure. However, proteins also have what are called tertiary and quaternary structures. A peptide doesn't follow a structure system for definition. Peptides are just chains of amino acids. With that information in mind, the answer to your question is simple. A protein hormone is comprised of proteins which have definitive shape and structure regarding its interactions with other proteins and receptors. A peptide hormone is a simple, usually fleeting, amino acid sequence that performs specific chemical tasks in the body, yet it does not qualify as a full protein.

Question: Is epinephrine a steroid or protein hormone?

Answer: neither. It is a modified amino acid - tyrosine - which is structurally changed into a series of chemicals classed as catecholamines - and is converted through dopamine to norepinephrine and finally in epinephrine, also know as adrenaline. Protein based hormones are made from chains of amino acids (e.g. insulin and pituitary and gut hormones) which interact with each other to produce a specific shape that allows it to interact with it's receptors and therefore act as a hormone, and steroids are produced from the 4 carbon ring substance : cholesterol - which is modified into different steroid hormones by modifying it's shape - aldosterone, cortisone, sex hormones are all examples

Question: Are all hormone receptors proteins? Or can hormone receptors be something besides a protein? I'm specifically wondering about plant hormone receptors, but I assume that it's similar for all receptors. Yes plants have hormones, they're called phytohormones (phyto=plant). The main ones are auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, absciscic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. FYI, ethylene is what ripenes your banana if you put it in a paper bag.

Answer: I am not familiar with any hormone receptors that are not proteins. But, who knows, science continues to 'amaze' with its constant discoveries of 'the unthinkable'.

Question: Does Insulin(protein Hormone) have a high Percentage of phosphates and why?

Answer: Insulin does not have high percentage of phosphates,It is a quite complex catabolic hormones. It mainly involved in regulation of enzymes, involved in the energy metabolism, by posphorylation and dephospharylation.Some enzymes are activated and some are deactivated, by these mechanisms.

Question: How do steroid model and protein model for hormone differ?

Answer: steroid hormones have intracellular receptors inside the cytoplamic of the cells which combines with the steroids and form a complex which then binds with the HRE (Hormone response element) on the DNA in the nucleus. Even thyroid hormones act in the same way as steriod hormones whereas most protein hormones bind to the receptors present on the memberane receptors on the cytoplasmic cell memberane on the cell. Here they stimulate a cascade pathway mediated by second messengers such as cAMP or calmodulin and this in turn activate the proteinkinases which brings about the various cellular response.

Question: What four events are set in motion by activation of a G-protein when they bind hormone to receptor site?

Answer: Very vague question. 1. There are slew of different hormones, which trigger a whole slew of different events within cells. 2. Some hormone receptors are cell-surface receptors, whereas others are cytosolic (or even nuclear, IIRC). 3. A G-protein can be either monomeric or heterotrimeric, and there are numerous ones of each type. The number of possible permutations is staggering, and no information is given to narrow it down. Further, off the top of my head, I can't think of any G-proteins that bind hormones: I know of some G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that do, but they are not G-proteins, and the question asks about G-proteins, not GPCRs.

Question: Binding of a protein hormone may lead to formation of a __________, which relays a signal into the cell.?

Answer: Binding of hormone to receptor initiates a series of events which leads to generation of so-called second messengers within the cell (the hormone is the first messenger). The second messengers then trigger a series of molecular interactions that alter the physiologic state of the cell. Another term used to describe this entire process is signal transduction. Second Messenger.

Question: Which statement about protein hormone activity is true? A. They enter through GAP junctions and initiate DNA transcription B. They can bind to internal G-Protein-Coupled Receptors and activate adenyl cyclase C. They represent a method of Paracrine activity D. In some instances, the protein ligand that is bound to the membrane receptor initiates steps that lead to endocytosis of the entire complex as a means of controlling the hormones otherwise continual activity E. A G-relay protein is released from the ligand-bound receptor vial signal transduction, and this activated G-protein binds to a tissue specific response element that will turn on gene transcription

Answer: The answer is B.

Question: how do the steriod model and the protein model for hormone action differ?

Answer: from my understanding the steroid model, having used steroids as their signaling hormone and are able to pass easily through the membrane of the cell and therefore directly trigger cell structures, protein model i believe needs a secondary messenger as it too large to make it across the membrane. it then triggers a complementary cascade and through transduction and possibly amplification you will get to the target organelles.

Question: Because it makes so much of the protein hormone insulin to be pumped out into the blood, you might expect that chromosomes rough endoplasmic reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum cytoplasm

Answer: There is alot of rough ER The ribosomes in the rough ER produce proteins for export out of the cell, most of the time, for the use of the body.

Question: The role of protein in hormone enzyme functions?

Answer: http://www.faqs.org/nutrition/Pre-Sma/Protein.html

Question: Whey Protein + Growth Hormone? I love my 100% Whey Protein from EAS. Currently, that is all I take. I would like to start taking BodyTech Growth Tech (Growth Hormones). 2 of those in the morning. then lift, then protein and 2 more. Will that work? Good combination?

Answer: Great combo man! Just remember to cycle on and off the Growth Tech, I made the mistake of not (not good) Make sure to consume plenty of quality whole food proteins as well as your protein shakes. Also, keep training hard as the nutrition and training are the most important things in muscle growth. Good luck!